227 lines
7.1 KiB
Markdown
227 lines
7.1 KiB
Markdown
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# 建一栋房子总共分几步?建造者模式告诉你答案!
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```
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“把大象装冰箱,总共分几步?”
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“三步。第一步,打开冰箱门;第二步,把大象装进冰箱;第三步,把冰箱门关上。”
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```
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Jungle活了这20多年,全靠这个笑话活着! 把大象装冰箱竟然只需要三步?那到底是怎么把大象装进冰箱呢?你问我,我问谁?再说,我也不关心这个呀!这……来点实际的吧,如果Jungle要建一栋房子,总共分几步?本文的建造者模式将声情并茂地向您娓娓道来……
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## 1.建造者模式简介
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建造者模式将客户端与包含多个部件的复杂对象的创建过程分离,客户端不必知道复杂对象的内部组成方式与装配方式(就好像Jungle不知道到底是如何把大象装进冰箱一样),只需知道所需建造者的类型即可。
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建造者模式定义:
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```
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建造者模式:
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将一个复杂对象的构建与它的表示分离,使得同样的构建过程可以创建不同的表示。
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```
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“**同样的构建过程可以创建不同的表示**”??这句话是什么意思呢?想象一下,建造一栋房子,建造过程无非都是打地基、筑墙、安装门窗等过程,但不同的客户可能希望不同的风格或者过程,最终建造出来的房子当然就呈现不同的风格啦!
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## 2.建造者模式结构
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建造者模式的结构包含以下几个角色:
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- **抽象建造者(AbstractBuilder)**:创建一个Product对象的各个部件指定的抽象接口;
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- **具体建造者(ConcreteBuilder)**:实现AbstractBuilder的接口,实现各个部件的具体构造方法和装配方法,并返回创建结果。
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- **产品(Product)**:具体的产品对象
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- **指挥者(Director)**: 构建一个使用Builder接口的对象,安排复杂对象的构建过程,**客户端一般只需要与Director交互,指定建造者类型,然后通过构造函数或者setter方法将具体建造者对象传入Director**。它主要作用是:隔离客户与对象的生产过程,并负责控制产品对象的生产过程。
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建造者模式UML类图如下:
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## 3.建造者模式代码实例
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考虑这样一个场景,如下图:
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```
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Jungle想要建造一栋简易的房子(地板、墙和天花板),两个工程师带着各自的方案找上门来,直接给Jungle看方案和效果图。
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犹豫再三,Jungle最终选定了一位工程师……交房之日,Jungle满意的看着建好的房子,
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开始思考:这房子究竟是怎么建成的呢?这地板、墙和天花板是怎么建造的呢?
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工程师笑着说:“It's none of your business”
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```
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UML图如下:
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### 3.1.定义产品类House
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```
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//产品类House
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class House
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{
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public:
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House(){}
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void setFloor(string iFloor){
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this->floor = iFloor;
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}
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void setWall(string iWall){
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this->wall = iWall;
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}
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void setRoof(string iRoof){
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this->roof = iRoof;
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}
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//打印House信息
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void printfHouseInfo(){
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printf("Floor:%s\t\n", this->floor.c_str());
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printf("Wall:%s\t\n", this->wall.c_str());
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printf("Roof:%s\t\n", this->roof.c_str());
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}
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private:
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string floor;
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string wall;
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string roof;
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};
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```
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House是本实例中的产品,具有floor、wall和roof三个属性。
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### 3.2.定义建造者
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#### 3.2.1.定义抽象建造者AbstractBuilder
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```
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//抽象建造者AbstractBall
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class AbstractBuilder
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{
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public:
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AbstractBuilder(){
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house = new House();
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}
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virtual ~AbstractBuilder(){}
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//抽象方法:
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virtual void buildFloor() = 0;
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virtual void buildWall() = 0;
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virtual void buildRoof() = 0;
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virtual House *getHouse() = 0;
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House *house;
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};
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```
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#### 3.2.2.定义具体建造者
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```
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//具体建造者ConcreteBuilderA
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class ConcreteBuilderA :public AbstractBuilder
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{
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public:
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ConcreteBuilderA(){
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printf("ConcreteBuilderA\n");
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}
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//具体实现方法
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void buildFloor(){
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this->house->setFloor("Floor_A");
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}
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void buildWall(){
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this->house->setWall("Wall_A");
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}
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void buildRoof(){
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this->house->setRoof("Roof_A");
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}
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House *getHouse(){
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return this->house;
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}
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};
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//具体建造者ConcreteBuilderB
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class ConcreteBuilderB :public AbstractBuilder
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{
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public:
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ConcreteBuilderB(){
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printf("ConcreteBuilderB\n");
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}
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//具体实现方法
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void buildFloor(){
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this->house->setFloor("Floor_B");
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}
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void buildWall(){
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this->house->setWall("Wall_B");
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}
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void buildRoof(){
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this->house->setRoof("Roof_B");
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}
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House *getHouse(){
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return this->house;
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}
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};
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```
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#### 3.3.定义指挥者
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```
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//指挥者Director
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class Director
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{
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public:
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Director(){}
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//具体实现方法
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void setBuilder(AbstractBuilder *iBuilder){
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this->builder = iBuilder;
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}
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//封装组装流程,返回建造结果
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House *construct(){
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builder->buildFloor();
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builder->buildWall();
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builder->buildRoof();
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return builder->getHouse();
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}
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private:
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AbstractBuilder *builder;
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};
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```
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### 3.4.客户端代码示例
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```
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#include "BuilderPattern.h"
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int main()
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{
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//抽象建造者
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AbstractBuilder *builder;
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//指挥者
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Director *director = new Director();
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//产品:House
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House *house;
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//指定具体建造者A
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builder = new ConcreteBuilderA();
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director->setBuilder(builder);
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house = director->construct();
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house->printfHouseInfo();
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delete builder;
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builder = nullptr;
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delete house;
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house = nullptr;
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//指定具体建造者B
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builder = new ConcreteBuilderB();
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director->setBuilder(builder);
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house = director->construct();
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house->printfHouseInfo();
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delete builder;
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builder = nullptr;
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delete house;
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house = nullptr;
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delete director;
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director = nullptr;
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system("pause");
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return 0;
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}
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```
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### 3.5.效果
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```
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ConcreteBuilderA
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Floor:Floor_A
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Wall:Wall_A
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Roof:Roof_A
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ConcreteBuilderB
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Floor:Floor_B
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Wall:Wall_B
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Roof:Roof_B
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```
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## 4.建造者模式总结
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从客户端代码可以看到,客户端只需指定具体建造者,并作为参数传递给指挥者,通过指挥者即可得到结果。客户端无需关心House的建造方法和具体流程。如果要更换建造风格,只需更换具体建造者即可,不同建造者之间并无任何关联,方便替换。从代码优化角度来看,其实可以不需要指挥者Director的角色,而直接把construct方法放入具体建造者当中。
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### 优点:
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- 建造者模式中,客户端不需要知道产品内部组成细节,将产品本身和产品的创建过程分离,使同样的创建过程可以创建不同的产品对象;
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- 不同建造者相互独立,并无任何挂链,方便替换。
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### 缺点:
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- 建造者模式所创建的产品一般具有较多的共同点,其组成部分相似,如果产品之间的差异性很大,则不适合使用建造者模式,因此其使用范围受到一定的限制。
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- 如果产品的内部变化复杂,可能会导致需要定义很多具体建造者类来实现这种变化,导致系统变得很庞大
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### 适用环境:
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- 需要生成的产品对象有复杂的内部结构(通常包含多个成员变量);
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- 产品对象内部属性有一定的生成顺序;
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- 同一个创建流程适用于多种不同的产品。
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